Toxicology and chronopharmacology represent two crucial dimensions of pharmacology that focus on drug safety and optimal therapeutic timing. While toxicology examines the harmful effects of chemicals and drugs on living organisms, chronopharmacology explores how biological rhythms influence drug action. Unit 5 integrates these disciplines to help students understand adverse drug effects, poisoning management, and the […]
Advances in chemotherapy and immunopharmacology have transformed the management of infectious diseases, cancer, and immune-related disorders. Unit 4 focuses on the chemotherapy of urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and malignancies, alongside emerging immunological therapies such as immunostimulants, immunosuppressants, protein drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and biosimilars. This news-style article presents a structured overview of these critical
Chemotherapy in pharmacology refers to the use of chemical agents to selectively destroy or inhibit disease-causing organisms while causing minimal harm to the host. With the global rise of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance, chemotherapy has become a cornerstone of modern medical treatment. Unit 3 focuses on the major classes of chemotherapeutic agents used against
Chemotherapy forms the backbone of modern treatment for infectious diseases by using chemical agents to selectively destroy or inhibit pathogenic microorganisms. From the early discovery of sulfonamides to the development of advanced antibiotics, chemotherapy has dramatically reduced mortality and improved quality of life across the globe. Unit 2 focuses on the general principles of chemotherapy
The respiratory and gastrointestinal systems play a critical role in sustaining life by ensuring adequate oxygen delivery and efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients. Disorders affecting these systems are common and range from mild discomfort to life-threatening conditions. Pharmacology provides a wide array of drugs to manage respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive
Drug design is no longer a process of chance discovery alone. With advances in medicinal chemistry, computational tools, and molecular biology, modern drug discovery follows a rational, science-driven approach. Unit 5 introduces the fundamental principles of drug design, highlighting key strategies such as QSAR, pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking, and combinatorial chemistry. Together, these methods help
Infectious diseases caused by fungi, protozoa, and helminths remain a significant burden, particularly in immunocompromised individuals and tropical regions. Alongside these pathogens, bacterial infections once dominated by sulphonamides continue to shape antimicrobial history. Unit 4 explores antifungal agents, antiprotozoal and anthelmintic drugs, and the chemistry and structure–activity relationships (SAR) of sulphonamides, sulfones, and folate reductase
Infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, urinary tract infections, and viral illnesses continue to challenge global healthcare systems. Advances in medicinal chemistry have led to the development of highly specific drugs that target microbial survival pathways while minimizing harm to the host. Unit 3 examines anti-tubercular agents, urinary tract anti-infective drugs, and antiviral agents, emphasizing their
The continuous evolution of infectious diseases has driven pharmaceutical science to develop diverse classes of antibiotics and antimalarial agents. Unit 2 explores advanced antibiotic classes such as macrolides and selected miscellaneous agents, introduces the concept of prodrugs, and provides a detailed overview of antimalarial chemotherapy. This article presents a comprehensive, news-style discussion of their historical
Antibiotics represent one of the greatest achievements in modern medicine, transforming once-lethal infections into manageable conditions. Their discovery reshaped public health, surgery, and clinical practice across the globe. Unit 1 focuses on the historical evolution of antibiotics, their chemical foundations, and the structure–activity relationships that determine their effectiveness. This article explores major antibiotic classes, including
