Business law is constantly evolving to match modern needs. Traditional laws like the Partnership Act have been supplemented by newer regulations to handle partnerships with corporate benefits, consumer rights, and digital transactions. Unit 5 introduces three crucial areas: Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Act, Consumer Protection Act, and the Information Technology Act. Together, they shape the […]
Business is often not a one-person journey—it thrives when people come together to pool resources, share skills, and distribute risks. The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 provides the legal framework for such business arrangements, known as partnerships. This Act lays down rules regarding the formation, rights, and duties of partners, along with procedures for registration and
The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 is one of the most important laws governing business and trade in India. Whenever we buy or sell goods—whether it’s groceries at a shop, furniture from a store, or machinery for a factory—this Act lays down the rules that protect both buyers and sellers. It explains what constitutes a
Contracts are not just about making promises—they are about fulfilling them. In business and daily life, agreements only create value when they are carried out properly. This is where the concept of contract performance and its related rules under the Indian Contract Act, 1872 comes into play. This unit helps us understand how contracts are
Business law is the backbone of every commercial activity. It provides the legal framework within which businesses operate, ensuring fairness, justice, and accountability. In India, business law plays a vital role in guiding both individuals and organizations in their transactions. Whether it is signing a contract, entering into a partnership, or dealing with customers, legal
Budgeting is a powerful tool in financial management that helps businesses plan, monitor, and control their financial resources. It acts as a roadmap, guiding organizations toward achieving their objectives by forecasting revenues, expenses, and resource allocation. Budgetary control, on the other hand, ensures that actual performance is compared with the budgeted figures, enabling corrective actions
Marginal costing is one of the most useful techniques in management accounting. It helps managers analyze costs, revenues, and profits by focusing only on variable costs and treating fixed costs as period costs. Combined with break-even analysis, it serves as a powerful decision-making tool to plan production, set prices, and evaluate profitability under different scenarios.
The Cash Flow Statement is a vital financial tool that shows how cash moves in and out of a business during a specific period. Unlike profit, which can be affected by non-cash items, the cash flow statement focuses purely on liquidity — the actual cash available to meet obligations, invest, and grow. As per Accounting
Ratio analysis is one of the most widely used tools in financial management and management accounting. It helps managers, investors, and other stakeholders interpret financial statements and evaluate a company’s overall performance. By expressing relationships between different figures in the financial statements, ratios provide insights into liquidity, profitability, efficiency, and solvency. Download UNIT 2 –
Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) is a three-year undergraduate degree program divided into six semesters, designed to build strong foundations in computer science, programming, and information technology. Access to well-structured semester-wise BCA notes plays a crucial role in understanding technical concepts, preparing for university examinations, and developing practical skills required for the IT industry or
