In the intricate world of chemistry, stereo isomerism stands as one of the most fascinating concepts that bridge structure and biological activity. Molecules that share the same molecular formula can exhibit vastly different physical, chemical, and even pharmacological properties, all because of how their atoms are arranged in three-dimensional space. This concept plays a crucial […]
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The design and construction of pharmaceutical plants require a delicate balance between engineering precision and regulatory compliance. Every material used—from the floors to the reactors—must ensure product purity, durability, and resistance to contamination or degradation. This unit explores the essential materials used in plant construction, the phenomenon of corrosion, its types, and methods to prevent
In the world of pharmaceutical manufacturing, purity and precision are not negotiable. From separating impurities to ensuring uniformity in formulations, two key processes—filtration and centrifugation—play a pivotal role. This unit explores their objectives, principles, equipment, and applications, revealing how these physical operations safeguard drug quality and performance. Download UNIT 4 – Filtration and Centrifugation –
In the pharmaceutical industry, drying and mixing are two critical unit operations that ensure the stability, uniformity, and effectiveness of drug formulations. From removing moisture to ensuring uniform dispersion of ingredients, these processes play a fundamental role in delivering safe and effective medicines. This article explores the principles, mechanisms, and equipment used in drying and
In the pharmaceutical industry, temperature control and phase-changing operations are essential for ensuring product purity, concentration, and stability. Unit 2 of Physical Pharmaceutics delves deep into the principles of heat transfer, evaporation, and distillation—three interconnected processes that play a vital role in manufacturing, formulation, and purification of drugs. Download UNIT 2 – Heat Transfer, Evaporation,
