If the processor is the brain of a computer, then memory is its nervous system, storing and supplying information at lightning speed. Every modern device, from smartphones to supercomputers, relies on an intricate memory hierarchy to balance speed, cost, and capacity. This unit dives into how memory is structured, the different types available, and the […]

Digital systems don’t just respond to inputs — they also remember past states. This memory ability comes from sequential circuits, a key part of computer organization and digital electronics. Unlike combinational circuits, where outputs depend only on present inputs, sequential circuits consider both current inputs and stored history. This unit highlights flip-flops, registers, and counters,

Computers may seem like magical machines, but at their core, they are organized systems built on logic and structure. To understand how they work, students must begin with the architecture of computers and the number systems that drive their operations. This unit introduces the Von Neumann architecture, the functional units of a computer, the instruction

Computers may seem like magical machines, but at their core, they are organized systems built on logic and structure. To understand how they work, students must begin with the architecture of computers and the number systems that drive their operations. This unit introduces the Von Neumann architecture, the functional units of a computer, the instruction

C is often called a powerful system-level language, and one of the key reasons is its ability to directly interact with memory through pointers. Alongside this, C also provides structures — user-defined data types that group related variables under one name. Together, pointers and structures form the backbone of efficient programming in C, supporting everything

When programs need to manage large collections of data efficiently, arrays become the tool of choice. Similarly, when dealing with text, C provides string handling techniques that allow programmers to manipulate words and characters with ease. This unit introduces the fundamentals of arrays and explains how C handles strings through built-in functions, bridging the gap

In the world of C programming, dividing problems into smaller, reusable parts is the key to writing efficient and maintainable code. This unit explores how functions bring modularity, how recursion introduces elegant problem-solving, and how preprocessor directives simplify compilation. Together, they make C more powerful, structured, and flexible. Download UNIT 3 – Functions, Recursion, and

When it comes to writing powerful and efficient programs, it’s not enough to just know the syntax. The real strength of C programming lies in its control structures, which determine the flow of execution. This unit takes a closer look at how C enables decision-making, looping, and jumping, allowing programmers to design structured and logical

In the fast-paced world of programming, one language continues to hold a legendary status even after decades — C programming. Known as the “mother of all programming languages,” C is not only the foundation of many modern languages like C++, Java, and Python but also a crucial skill for computer science students. This unit takes