Biotechnology has transformed pharmaceutical sciences by enabling precise manipulation of genetic material to produce life-saving medicines. At the heart of this revolution lies recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, which allows scientists to cut, join, and replicate DNA fragments to express desired proteins in host organisms. Unit 2 focuses on the core tools of genetic engineering, the […]
Biotechnology has emerged as one of the most powerful scientific disciplines shaping the future of pharmaceutical sciences. By integrating biology with technology, biotechnology enables the development of innovative drugs, vaccines, diagnostic tools, and industrial enzymes. From genetically engineered insulin to biosensors used in quality control, biotechnology plays a central role in improving healthcare outcomes. Unit
Pharmacokinetics is often taught on the assumption that drug concentration changes in a predictable, dose-proportional manner. However, in real clinical practice, this assumption does not always hold true. Certain drugs display nonlinear pharmacokinetics, where small changes in dose can result in disproportionate changes in plasma concentration. Unit 5 focuses on understanding this phenomenon, its causes,
As drug therapy becomes more precise and patient-specific, understanding how medicines move through the body over time is essential. Pharmacokinetics provides the scientific foundation for predicting drug concentration, optimizing dosage regimens, and ensuring therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing toxicity. Unit 4 focuses on multicompartment pharmacokinetic models, particularly the two-compartment open model, and the kinetics of multiple
Pharmacokinetics forms the scientific backbone of rational drug therapy by explaining how a drug moves through the body over time. From the moment a drug enters systemic circulation until it is eliminated, its concentration changes continuously. Unit 3 focuses on the principles of pharmacokinetics, compartmental and non-compartmental models, different routes of drug administration, and key
Understanding how drugs are eliminated from the body and how effectively they reach systemic circulation is central to biopharmaceutics. Unit 2 focuses on drug metabolism and excretion, along with the critical concepts of bioavailability and bioequivalence, which guide dose selection, formulation development, and regulatory approval of medicines. This news-style article explains these interconnected concepts in
Biopharmaceutics is a vital discipline that bridges pharmaceutical sciences and clinical therapeutics. It explains how the physicochemical properties of drugs, the dosage form, and the route of administration influence the rate and extent of drug absorption and distribution in the body. Unit 1 introduces the foundational concepts of biopharmaceutics, focusing on drug absorption and distribution—two
The global shift toward natural, plant-based healthcare has placed the herbal industry at the center of pharmaceutical and wellness innovation. India, with its rich biodiversity and traditional medical systems, plays a vital role in supplying herbal drugs and formulations to domestic and international markets. Unit 5 focuses on the structure of the herbal industry, its
The global resurgence of herbal medicines has created an urgent need for scientific evaluation, legal protection, and robust regulatory frameworks. While traditional knowledge forms the backbone of herbal drug use, modern healthcare systems demand evidence-based validation, quality assurance, and ethical commercialization. Unit 4 focuses on the evaluation of herbal drugs as per WHO and ICH
The growing global preference for natural and sustainable products has significantly boosted the demand for herbal cosmetics and herbal pharmaceutical formulations. Consumers today seek products that are effective, safe, eco-friendly, and compatible with the human body. Unit 3 focuses on herbal cosmetics, herbal excipients, and herbal formulations, highlighting how plant-based raw materials are shaping skincare,
