Labour is a crucial input in any production or service activity. Accurate computation and control of labour cost is essential for cost efficiency and fair employee compensation. This unit explores the classification of labour cost, wage systems, incentive schemes, and ways to manage unproductive time. Download UNIT 3 – Labour Costing and Wage Systems Notes […]
Materials form a significant portion of the total production cost in most manufacturing organizations. Effective management of materials ensures uninterrupted production, cost savings, and better utilization of resources. This unit explains the procedures for purchasing materials, storekeeping practices, inventory valuation methods, and various techniques for inventory control. Download UNIT 2 – Materials Costing and Inventory
Cost accounting is a vital part of management accounting that helps businesses track, control, and reduce costs to improve profitability. This unit introduces the meaning, objectives, and importance of cost accounting, differences from financial accounting, cost classification methods, and preparation of a cost sheet. It also explains the essentials of installing an effective costing system
If you’re a BCA student looking to prepare smart and score better, solving previous year question papers is the best way to start! This guide gives you free PDF downloads of BCA question papers for 2024, arranged semester-wise and subject-wise. Everything is well-organized so you can find your papers in seconds. Let’s get started! Why
In today’s highly competitive and fast-evolving business environment, promotion is essential for creating awareness, generating interest, and influencing consumer behavior. It forms a critical part of the marketing mix. With the rise of digital technologies, businesses now have access to a wide range of tools to connect with their target audience. This unit explores the
Distribution and logistics are essential components of the marketing process that ensure products reach customers efficiently and cost-effectively. While marketing efforts create demand, distribution fulfills it. This unit explores the different marketing channels, decisions involved in channel management, the role of retailing and wholesaling, and the importance of logistics and supply chain management in modern
In marketing, the success of a company largely depends on the products it offers, how those products are branded, and how they are priced. A well-designed product backed by a strong brand name and a smart pricing strategy can help businesses gain a competitive edge and attract loyal customers. This unit focuses on three important
Understanding the diverse nature of customers is crucial for creating effective marketing strategies. Businesses cannot serve everyone in the same way, so they divide the market into smaller groups based on shared characteristics. This unit focuses on three interconnected concepts: market segmentation, targeting, and positioning—together known as the STP model in marketing. These are essential
Marketing plays a vital role in connecting businesses with their customers by identifying needs, developing suitable products or services, and delivering them efficiently. This unit introduces the foundational concepts of marketing, the evolution of marketing practices, and the dynamic environment in which marketing operates. Understanding these basics helps future managers make better decisions in product
In business and economics, data is often collected over time to observe patterns, make predictions, and guide decision-making. This is where time series analysis and index numbers become essential tools. Time series helps track changes over intervals like days, months, or years, while index numbers simplify complex data into easily understandable indicators. These concepts are
